We have developed the effective algorithm for detecting digital binary phase-shift keyed signals. This algorithm requires a small number of arithmetic operations over the signal period. It can be relat ively easy implemented based on the modern programmable logic devices. It also provides high interference immunity by identifying signal presence when signal-to-noise ratio is much less that its working value in the receiving path. The introduced detector has int rinsic frequency selectivity and allows us to form the est imate of the noise level to realize the adaptive determination of decision threshold. In order to get confirmation of the detector operability and performance, we suggest the expressions for false alarm and missing probabilities. In addit ion, we have examine, both theoretically and experimentally, the influence of the detector parameters on its characterist ics.

This work introduces a new structure of Zero Crossing Digital Phase Locked Loop with Arc Sine block (ASZCDPLL) to linearize the phase difference detection, and enhance the loop performance. The new loop has faster acquisition, less steady state phase error, and wider locking range as compared to the conventional ZCDPLL. The locking range improvement and faster acquisition have been confirmed through simulation. The loop has been implemented and tested in real time using Texas Instruments TMS320C6416 DSP development kit.

In this paper a new phase-frequency detector is proposed using transmission gates which can detect phase difference less than 500ps. In other word, the proposed Phase-frequency Detector (PFD) can work in frequencies higher than 1. 7 GHz, whereas a conventional PFD operates at frequencies less than 1. 1 GHz. This new architecture is designed in TSMC 0. 13um CMOS Technology. Also, the proposed PFD achieves a capture range approximately twice that of conventional PFDs. The simulation results support the theoretical predictions. To validate correct performance of this novel PFD, it is then used in a conventional delay locked loop structure.

The electronic industry has grown vastly in recent years, and researchers are trying to minimize circuits delay, occupied area and power consumption as much as possible. In this regard, many technologies have been introduced. Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the schemes to design nano-scale digital electronic circuits. This technology has high speed and low power consumption, and occupies very little area. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) and delay-locked loops (DLLs) are blocks that are commonly used in telecommunication applications. One of the most important parts in DLL and PLL is the phase-frequency detector. Therefore, the design of this circuit in QCA technology is of great importance. In this paper, two new phase-frequency detectors sensitive to falling and rising edge have been introduced in QCA technology. Both of the designs are composed of 104 cells; occupy only 0. 13 μ m2 of an area and 1. 5 QCA clock cycles latency. The designs are in one layer and all the inputs and outputs are available to be used by another circuit.

In this paper a new architecture for delay locked loops is proposed. Static phase offset and reset path delay are the most important problems in phase-frequency detectors (PFD). The proposed structure decreases the jitter resulted from PFD by switching two PFDs. In this new architecture, a conventional PFD is used before locking of DLL to decrease the amount of phase difference between input and output of the DLL. Near locking, an XOR gate is used to act as a PFD which makes the DLL locks with less jitter. Also, the reset path time and glitch are decreased by using the XOR gate. The proposed architecture has been designed in TSMC 0.18um CMOS Technology. The simulation results support the theoretical design aspects.

Speed, accuracy, and power consumption of electronic devices, are important parameters that should be considered in the design and manufacturing of these devices. In this paper, a new design of modified phase-locked loop, using Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors, is proposed. Using a differential structure of the ring oscillator, the coupled noise of the power supply and the substrate is eliminated. In addition, using active inductor in the oscillator delay cells will cause a marked increase in oscillation frequency. In the presented phase detector circuit, by using a new open loop structure, the detection speed increases significantly. This will remove the divider circuit on loop track. By removing the divider circuit, the noise of the loop will be reduced considrably. The designed circuit is implemented once in MOSFET technology using 0. 18 micrometers process and once again in 32nm process of carbon nano-tube field effect transistors technology with 0. 9 volt power supply. The center frequency in this process is 68. 5 GHz. The value of power consumption is less than 150 nano-watts and the acquisition time is less than 10 picoseconds.

The presence of bubbles is evident in most two-phase gas-liquid flows. The measurement of void fraction in various industries, such as nuclear, chemical and petrochemical, provides valuable insight into the distribution of phases in a multiphase system. This understanding can lead to the improvements in the design, operation and maintenance of industrial processes in sectors like oil and gas, petrochemicals, chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and geothermal power plants. In many cases, bubbles are evenly distributed in the liquid, creating uncertainty in measurements. To address this issue, this research utilized a wide gamma beam in conjunction with a flat panel detector to minimize systematic errors caused by fluctuations in bubble placement along the path of the gamma ray passing through the flow tube. Next, in the Monte Carlo simulation environment, the numerical density of the bubble is calculated in a fixed volume. Using the calibration chart, the fraction of the bubble is determined in terms of the numerical density for various bubble radius values. Ultimately, after validating the code by comparing the results of the spectrum produced from the code with the spectrum of a reference sample from an X-ray tube, the graph displaying numerical density changes in terms of bubble fraction at different radii demonstrates the method’s ability to distinguish varying amounts of bubble fraction for different radii.